The Crystallisation of Over-Cooled Water

Pulsed Radiofrequency, Water-Cooled Radiofrequency, and Cryoneurolysis

Sluijter et al.8 assumed that, because the tissue temperature was kept below the thermal destructive range, thermal tissue injury was avoided. By using mathematical calculations, they further showed that the high-density electrical currents generated at the electrode tip stressed the cellular membranes and biomolecules and caused altered cell function, leading to cell injury. Later investigator...

Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations

Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compre...

Mitigation of hydrogen hazards in water cooled power reactors

Hydration-dependent dynamics of deeply cooled water under strong confinement.

We have measured the hydration-level dependence of the single-particle dynamics of water confined in the ordered mesoporous silica MCM-41. The dynamic crossover observed at full hydration is absent at monolayer hydration. The monolayer dynamics are significantly slower than those of water in a fully hydrated pore at ambient temperatures. At low temperatures, the opposite is found to be true. Th...

Modelica Based Dynamic Modeling of Water-Cooled Centrifugal Chillers

In this paper, the transient model of a water-cooled centrifugal chiller is developed in Modelica with Dymola and the TLK/IfT Library (TIL). The centrifugal compressor is modeled in detail based on the turbomachinery theory. The chiller capacity control is achieved by the combination of variable inlet guide vane (VIGV) and variable speed drive (VSD). The shell-and-tube heat exchangers are discr...